Hypericum japonicum
Annual herb 0.02-0.05 m tall, erect to decumbent or prostrate and rooting at the base or along stem, unbranched or branched from the base and sometimes also distally and (when decumbent to prostrate) elsewhere. Stems green, 4- angled, ancipitous above, with lines smooth; internodes 2-52 mm long, usually exceeding leaves. Leaves sessile, spreading, not tetrastichous, persistent; lamina 2-18 x 1-10 mm, broadly ovate-deltoid or ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate or elliptic or suborbicular or more rarely oblanceolate or obovate-spathulate, plane, not cucullate, midrib slightly prominent beneath, smooth, paler or sometimes glaucous beneath, membranous; apex obtuse to rounded, margin plane, base cordate-amplexicaul to cuneate or more rarely attenuate, not sheathing, free; basal veins 1-7, sometimes with obscure ascending branches, tertiary reticulation apparently absent; laminar glands dense, punctiform, not prominent. Inflorescence 1-c. 30-flowered, terminal, branching regularly dichasial/monochasial or rarely pseudo-dichotomous at first, sometimes with flowering branches from up to 3 nodes below or sympodial with flowers apparently lateral, the whole diffuse; pedicels (l.4-)2-14 mm long; bracts lanceolate- subulate to foliar. Flowers 4-8 mm in diam., stellate. Sepals 2-5.5 x 0.5-2 mm, subequal to unequal, imbricate, narrowly oblong or rarely lanceolate to elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse to rounded, margin entire; veins 3-5, unbranched, often with midrib promiment; glands linear, distally punctiform. Petals pale to bright yellow or orange, not veined red outside, 1.7-5 x 0.8-1.8 mm, 0.8-1.3 x sepals, obovate to oblong or elliptic; apiculus obsolete or absent; glands absent. Stamens 5-30, irregular or in 5 obscure groups when few, longest 1.5-2.8 mm, 0.4-0.8 x petals. Ovary l-l.5(-l.8) x 0.5-1 mm, broadly ovoid to subglobose; styles (2)3, 0.4- 0.8(-l) mm long, 0.4-0.6 x ovary; stigmas rather broadly capitate. Capsule (2-)2.5-6 x 1.3-2.8 mm, cylindric to globose, slightly shorter than or more rarely equalling or exceeding sepals. Seeds c. 0.5 mm long; testa finely linear- scalariform.
2n = 16, see Robson & Adams (1968).
Ditches, marshes, stream margins, rice fields, also short grassland and roadsides, never shaded; 0-3400 m.
Russia, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, and south-eastern China to Nepal, NW. and S. India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Malaya to New Guinea, south-eastern and south Australia, and New Zealand. The record for Hawaii is an error.
H. japonicum is most closely related to H. gymnanthum, differing from it in its broader bracts, oblong, usually subacute to obtuse sepals, and cylindric or subcylindric to globose capsule that is shorter than the sepals. In addition it often differs from that species in habit, in its stems rooting at the base or at nodes, in the obtuse to rounded leaf apex, and in the inflorescence branching. From H. mutilum (q.v.) it differs in habit, leaf, and floral characters.
The form of H. japonicum that is most similar to H. gymnanthum occurs in China, Taiwan, and the Philippines, which suggests that the ancestor of H. japonicum mostly likely reached east Asia by (ancient) long-distance dispersal from North America. See the discussion on p. xx. There is now no doubt that H. chinense Osbeck is an earlier name for this species; but I am most reluctant to follow the International Code of Nomenclature because the use of this name would certainly result in much confusion and inconvenience. H. chinense Osbeck has never been used since it was published. Merrill (1916) pointed out its priority over H. japonicum Thunb., but thought that H. chinense L. was the same species. The Linnaean name, however, applies to a widely cultivated shrub in sect. Ascyreia that Linnaeus described twice, as he also validated a Miller name for it, H. monogynum (Robson, 1985). H. chinense L. can be dropped in favour of H. monogynum L. with little inconveni- ence, and the latter name is gradually becoming used at present. However, to replace H. japonicum by H. chinense for such a widespread species and important ricefield weed would be to manufacture a nomen confusum. H, japonicum Thunb. ex Murray therefore has been proposed for conservation and, in anticipation of its being conserved, I am retaining it here.
[It has been conserved. See Robson xxxx.]
H. japonicum is a very variable species, particularly in habit, inflorescence form, and bract shape. Despite the long synonymy, however, and the alleged difference between (a) erect, little-branched plants with small linear bracts (H. japonicum sensu stricto) and (b) decumbent to prostrate plants with foliar bracts (H. laxum, etc.), there is no complete correlation between the bract and habit characters, the variation being apparently continuous throughout the range of the species. It is possible, however, to recognise five main nodal variants, one of which has four subsidiary geographical variants (Robson, 1972, 1974); but the continuous variation prevents their being given formal taxonomic ranks.
Typical examples of these variants may be identified by the following key:
1. Bracts (all or at least upper) linear to lanceolate, not foliar; stems erect to decumbent
('japonicum') .............................................................................................................. 2
Bracts all foliar; stems decumbent (or rarely erect) to prostrate .................................... 4
2. Inflorescence at least partly dichasial; stems usually erect ............................................ 3
Inflorescence wholly monochasial or mixed with flowering branches; stems decumbent Variant (3)
3. Inflorescence from terminal node only; stem without other branches ........... Variant (1)
Inflorescence from more than one node; stem sometimes with other branches
.................................................................................................................... Variant (2)
4. Stem-branching irregular or rarely absent, very rarely sympodial but the stems erect to ........ decumbent; sepals narrow to broad (Variant 4) .................................................................. 5
Stem-branching sympodial (i.e. flowers pseudo-axillary) or rarely absent; prostrate;
sepals narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong ('humifusum’) ........................ Variant (5)
5. Sepals narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic ................................................................... 6
Sepals (at least outer) broadly elliptic to obovate .......................................................... 7
6. Stems erect ('maximowiczii') ......................................................................... Variant (4a)
Stems decumbent to procumbent (or prostrate?), diffuse ('laxum') ............. Variant (4b)
7. Stems decumbent or, if prostrate, then leaves ovate to narrowly oblong-elliptic; leaves ........ 3-8 mm long, ovate or oblong to elliptic or rarely oblanceolate ('calyculatum') ...................................... Variant (4c)
Stems prostrate; leaves 1-4 mm long, obovate to orbicular ('javanicum') Variant (4d)
Variant (1). 'japonicum' pro parte: Stems erect, simple; leaves broadly ovate, apex subacute to obtuse, base cordate- amplexicaul; inflorescence terminal only, regularly dichasial at first; bracts all (or at least upper) linear to lanceolate; sepals oblong to narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate; petals as long as sepals; stamens 25-30; capsule cylindric or cylindric- ellipsoid, shorter than sepals. Korea, China, Taiwan, Philippines.
Variant (2), 'japonicum' pro parte: Stems erect or more rarely decumbent, branched; leaves ovate to narrowly ellip- tic, apex subacute to obtuse, base cordate-amplexicaul to broadly cuneate; inflorescence terminal and lateral, regularly dichasial at first; bracts all (or at least upper) linear to lanceolate; sepals oblong to narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate; petals as long as sepals; stamens 25-30; capsule cylindric or cylindric-ellipsoid, shorter than sepals. Distribution as for Variant (1) with extensions to southern Japan, south Malaya, Sumatera, Java, Borneo, and Sulawesi, and outlying areas in India (Assam, Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka.
Variant (3), 'japonicum' pro parte: Stems decumbent, rarely branched; leaves ovate to oblong, apex obtuse, base cordate-amplexicaul to rounded; inflorescence terminal, wholly monochasial or mixed monochasial/pseudo-dichotomous; bracts all (or at least upper) linear to lanceolate; sepals oblong to elliptic; petals as long as sepals; stamens c. 20; capsule cylindric to cylindric-ellipsoid, shorter than sepals. South Thailand, Kampuchea, South Vietnam, Malaya, Sumatera, Java, Borneo, Philippines (i.e. the southern part of the range of Variant (2) with an extension to Thailand and Indo-China and excluding Sulawesi).
The following synonyms apply to Variants (1-3), i.e. H. japonicum sensu stricto, as well as those cited above (p. xxx):
H. japonicum Thunb., Fl. jap.: 295 (1784), pro parte, excl. t. 31.
H. campestre Moon, Cat. pl. Ceylon: 56 (1824); Trimen, Fl. Ceylon 1: 93 (1893), in synon., nomen.; non Cham. & Schlechtendal (1828).
Tridia frankenioides Korth. in Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 3: 17, t. 1 (1836). Type: Sumatra, Barat, Padang, n.d. (fl & fr), Korthals s.n. (L!-holotype).
Hypericum nervatum Hance in Walp., Ann. bot. syst. 2: 188 (1851). Type: Hong Kong, Hance (unlocated).
H. sumatranum Miq., Pl. jungh.: 395 (1855). Type: Sumatra, Barat, Padang, 'in monticulo Apenberg', n.d. (fr), Junghuhn s.n. (L!-holotype).
Brathys japonica var. accumbens Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 19 (1856). Type: Japan, without precise locality, - June - (fl & fr), Siebold (L!-holotype).
B. radicans Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 20 (1856). Type: Sumatra, without precise locality, n.d. (fl & fr), Korthals s.n. (L!- holotype).
B. cespitosa Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 20 (1856). Type: Sumatra, without precise locality, n.d. (fr), Waitz s.n. (L!-holotype).
B. cespitosa var. pusilla Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 20 (1850). Type: Sumatra, without precise locality, n.d. (fr), Waitz s.n. (L!- holotype).
Hypericum japonicum forma microphyllum Miq. in Ann. mus. bot. lugd.-bat. 2: 289 (1866) ['microphylla'], Prolus. fl. jap. : 147 (1866). Type as for B. japonica var. accumbens.
H. taquetii H. Léveillé & Vaniot in Reprium Spec. nov. Regni veg. 5: 279 (1908) ['taqueti']. Type: Korea, in humidis Quelpaert [I.], August 1907 (fl & fr), Faurie 1793 (E- holotype; BM!-isotype).
H. japonicum var. plurinervium H. Léveillé in Reprium Spec. nov. Regni veg. 8: 451 (1910). Type: Korea, Quelpaert [I.], in herbidis humidis Hannon, 20 August 1908 (fl & fr), Taquet 586 (E-holotype; BM!, K!-isotypes).
H. japonicum var. accumbens (Blume) Pampan. in Nuovo G. bot. ital. II, 17: 670 (1910); Koidzumi in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 40: 344 (1926).
H. japonicum var. majus Fyson, Fl. S. India Hill Stns 1: 49 (1932) ['major']. Type: India, Tamil Nadu, Nilgris, on western downs (not located).
Sarothra japonica forma vulgaris Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 240 (1951). Type: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Iga, Simagapara-mura, 15 August 1935 (fl & fr), Kurokawa 34 (TI!-holotype).
Sarothra japonica forma microphylla (Miq.) Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10; 240 (1951).
Icon: N. Robson in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 2: 634, t. 430 (1976).
Variant (4), 'laxum': Stems decumbent (or rarely erect) to prostrate, usually branched; leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, apex rounded, base rounded to cuneate; inflorescence terminal and lateral, dichasial to monochasial or pseudo-dichotomous or mixed; bracts foliar; sepals variable in shape; petals equalling or shorter than sepals; stamens (5) 10-20; capsule subcylindric to globose, equalling or exceeding sepals. Distribution of the species.
Four distinct forms of Variant (4) can be discerned:
Variant (4a), 'maximowiczii'': Stems erect; leaves ovate to elliptic; sepals narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic. Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan.
H. japonicum sensu Thunb., Fl. jap.: 295 (1784), pro parte quoad t. 31.
H. thunbergii Franchet & P. A. L. Savat., Enum. pl. jap. 2: 300 (1878); H. Léveillé in Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 53: 501 (1906). Type: Japan, circa Yokoska [Yokosuka] frequens, 1866- 1874 (fl & fr), Savatier 158 (P-lectotype, mihi; K!-isolectotype). Also cited are Savatier34l1 (P), Savatier s.n. (P), and 'H. japonicum Thunb., Fl. jap. tab. 31, excl. descript.'
H. yabei H. Léveillé & Vaniot in Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 53: 501 (1906); non H. yabei H. Léveillé & Vaniot in Reprium Spec. nov. Regni veg. 5: 279 (1808). Type: Japan, Honshu, in turfosis Kattassan, October 1903 (fl & fr), Faurie 9 (E- holotype; BM!-isotype).
H. dominii H. Léveillé in Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 54: 593 (1908). Type: Korea, 'rizières a Fusan' [Pusan], 4 October 1901, Faurie 162 (E-holotype).
H. japonicum var. maximowiczii R. Keller in Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 8: 185 (1908); Hand.-Mazz., Symb. sin. 7(2): 404 (1931). Type: Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki, 1863 (fr), Maximowicz s.n. (W!-holotype; BM!, LE).
H. japonicum var. thunbergii (Franchet & P. A. L. Savat.) R. Keller in Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 8: 185 (1908), in Bot. Jb. 44: 49 (1909); Hand.-Mazz., Symb. sin. 7(2): 404 (1931).
H. pseudo-japonicum Nakai in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 27: 130 (1913), nomen..
H. japonicum forma yabei (H. Lèveillè & Vaniot) Makino, Syokubutu Dzukan: 553, t. 628 (1925).
H. japonicum var. robustum Miq. ex. Koidz. in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 40: 345 (1926). Type: Japan, without precise locality, n.d. (fl & fr), Siebold (L!-holotype).
H. laxum var. hananoegoense Masam. in Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku imp. Univ. (Bot.) 11, No. 4: 305 (1934). Type: Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Yakusima, Hananoego, 30 August 1926, Masamune s.n. (Tl-holotype).
Sarothra japonica forma robusta (Miq. ex Koidz.) Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 240, t. 79 (1951).
S. laxa forma simplex Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 244 (1951). Type: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Iga, Zyonan-mura, 19 August 1934 (fl & fr), Kurokawa s.n. (TI!-holotype).
S. laxa forma erecta Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 245 (1951). Type: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Iga, Naga- gun, Kobe-mura, 13 August 1935 (fl), Kurakawa 32 (TI!- holotype).
S. laxa forma hananoegoense (Masam.) Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 245 (1951).
Icon: Thunb., Fl. jap.: t. 31 (1784).
Variant (4b) 'laxum': Stems decumbent to procumbent (or prostate?), diffuse[1]; leaves ovate to narrowly oblong; sepals narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic. Distribution of the species except the Himalayan region, Australia, and New Zealand.
Brathys laxa Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 19 (1856). Types: Japan, Kyushu, prope vicum Ho Ko Hara, n.d. (fl & fr), Punt s.n. (Ll-lectotype, mihi); without precise locality, n.d. (fr), Keithe s.n. (L!-syntype).
B. debilis Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 20 (1856). Type: Java; without precise locality, n.d. (fl & fr), Blume s.n. (L!-holotype).
B. oryzetum Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 20 (1856). Type: Sulawesi, in oryzetis circa Tondauo, n.d. (fl & fr), Forsten 127 (L!- holotype).
Hypericum japonicum forma tenuius Miq. in Ann. mus. Bot. lugd.-bat. 2: 259 (1866), Prolus. fl. jap.: 147 (1866), ['tenuior']. Type as for Brathys laxa Blume.
H. cavaleriei H. Léveillé in Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 54: 593 (1908). Type: China, Guizhou, Kouy-tcheou, 1896, Cavalerie. s.n. (E-holotype).
H. mutilum sensu Gibbs, Fl. Arfak Mts.: 149 (1917).
H. laxum (Blume) Koidz. in Bot. Mag, Tokyo 40: 344 (1926); Y. Kimura in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 51: 737 (1937), op. cit. 53: 427 (1939); Kitagawa in Rep. Inst. scient. Res. Manchukuo 3: App. 1: 317 (1939); Nakai in Bull. nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo No. 31: 78 (1952); Ohwi, Fl Jap.: 780 (1956), Engl., transl.: 630 (1965); Murata in Acta phytotax. geobot. Kyoto 25: 110 (1973).
H. japonicum var. cavaleriei (H. Léveillé) Koidz., Fl. symb. Orient.-asiat. : 92 (1930).
H. laxum var. novo-guineense Hatusima in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 56: 571 (1942). Type: New Guinea, W. Irian, Arfak Mts, Angi, Lake Gita, c. 1900 m, 5 April 1940 (fl & fr), Kanehira & Hatusima 13563 (Tl-lectotype, mihi, A!-syntype); ditto, Kanehira & Hatusima 13557a (TI-syntype).
Sarothra laxa (Blume) Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 241, f. 79 (1951); Satake et al., Wild fls. of Japan 2: 119, Pl. 119-5(1982)).
S. laxa forma repens Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 244 (1951). Type: Japan, Kyushu, Prov. Tikugo, Yame-gun, Simohirokawa-mura, Mure, 1 October 1932 (fl), Nakasima s.n. (TI!-holotype).
S. laxa forma ramosa Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 244 (1951). Type: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Iga, Zyonan-mura, 16 August 1935 (fl), Kurokawa 29 (TI!- holotype).
S. laxa forma ramosissima Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 245 (1951). Type: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Musasi, Syakusii, Sampozi-ike, 19 October 1919 (fl & fr), Hisauchi s.n. (TI!-holotype).
?Hypericum jeongjocksanense S.-J. Park & K.-J. Kim in Novon 15: 460, f. 2 (2005). Type: S. Korea, Keong-nam-san-do Prov., Upo swamp reserve of Jeong-jock-shan, 550-650 m, 27 August 2000 (fl & fr), S.-J. Park & K.-J. Kim 20027 (YNUH-holotype; KUS, MO-isotypes). & K.-J. Kim 20027 (YNUH-holotype; KUS, MO-isotypes).The authors differentiate this species from H. laxum (i.e. H. japonicum ‘laxum’) by its shorter unbranched stem, monopodial inflorescence and the presence of hairs distally on the styles. It would indeed appear to belong to the H. japonicum affinity. The illustration, however, shows a 3-fascicled androecium with the filaments of each fascicle wholly united, as they are in, for example, H. elodes (Sect. Tripentas). A decision as to whether this is an accurate representation will have to await an inspection of a specimen, but it is likely, in my view, to be the result of a misinterpretation. If it is so, then it remains to decide whether this taxon is truly distinct from H. japonicum sensu lato.
Icon: Y. Kimura in Nakai & Honda, Nova fl. jap. 10: 242, f. 79 (1951).
Variant (4c), 'calyculatum': Stems erect to decumbent or prostrate, sometimes diffuse; leaves ovate to oblong to elliptic or rarely oblanceolate; sepals (at least outer) broadly elliptic to obovate, often mucronate. Himalayan region (Himachal Pradesh to Yunnan), northern Thailand, Vietnam, south India (Tamil Nadu).
H. japonicum [var.] β ramosum Choisy in DC., Prodr. 1: 549 (1824); G. Don, Gen. hist. 1: 607 (1831). Type: Nepal: without precise locality, 1821 (fl & fr), Wallich 4811 C (G- DC!-holotype;BM!,K!).
H. dichotomum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. fl. nepal.: 219 (1825), in synon.
Brathys nepalensis Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 19 (1856). Type: Nepal, Catmandu [Khatmandu], 13 May 1802 (fl & fr), Buchanan s.n. (L-lectotype, mihi; BM!-syntype).
B. japonica [var.] β mucronisepala Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 513 (1859). Type as for Brathys nepalensis.
Hypericum calycatum Jacquem. ex Dyer in J. D. Hook., Fl. Brit. India 1: 256 (1874), in synon.
H. japonicum var. calyculatum R. Keller in Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 8: 186 (1908); Hand.-Mazz., Symb. sin. 7(2): 404 (1931). Type: Sikkim, Teesta, 600-1500 m, 11-13 May 1848, Hooker s.n. (W!-holotype; A!, GH!, K!).
Sarothra laxa sensu Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 2: 82 (1971), pro parte excl. typ.
Icon: Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 2: t. 24, f. 2 (1834).
Variant (4d), ‘javanicum’: Stems prostrate; leaves minute, obovate to orbicular; sepals (at least outer) broadly elliptic to obovate. West Java (Tjibodas region).
H. japonicum var. humifusum sensu Hochr. in Candollea 2: 437 (1925).
H. japonicum var. tenuius sensu Backer & Bakh. v.d. Brink Jr., Fl. Java 1: 382 (1963). ['tenuior’].
Variant (5), 'humifusum': Stems prostrate, diffuse or rarely unbranched; leaves elliptic to narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, apex rounded, base cuneate; inflorescence branching sympodial (flowers 'axillary'); bracts foliar; sepals narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong; petals longer than sepals; stamens 5-10; capsule subglobose, exceeding sepals. New Guinea, Tasmania, New Zealand.
Ascyrum humifusum Labill., Nov. Holl. pl. 2: 33, t. 175 (1806). Type: Tasmania, 'Habitat in capite Van Diemen', Labillardière s.n. (P-holotype).
Hypericum pusillum Choisy, Prodr. monogr. Hypéric.: 50 (1821), in DC., Prodr. 1: 549 (1824). Type: as for Ascyrum humifusum Labill.
Brathys humifusa (Labill.) Spach in Annls Sci. nat. (Bot.) II, 5: 367 (1836).
H. japonicum var. humifusum (Labill.) J. D. Hook., Fl. nova-zel. 1: 37 (1853); R. Keller in Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 8: 186 (1908).
H. japonicum var. simplicius R. Keller in Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 8: 186 (1908), pro parte excl. spec. Prain. Types: Tasmania, Arthur's Lakes, 17 January 1845 (fl), Gunn s.n. (W-lectotype, mihi; K!); Hampshire Hills, February 1837 (fl & fr), Hooker 656 (K!, W-syntypes); locality not found, Hügel (W-syntype).
H. japonicum var. humifusum (Labill.) Hochr. in- Candollea 2: 437 (1925).
Icon: Labill., Nov. Holl. pl. 2: t. 175 (1806).
The authors differentiate Hypericum jeongjocksanense S.-J. Park & K.-J. Kim from H. laxum (i.e. H. japonicum ‘laxum’) by its shorter unbranched stem, monopodial inflorescence and the presence of hairs distally on the styles. It would indeed appear to belong to the H. japonicum affinity. The illustration, however, shows a 3-fascicled androecium with the filaments of each fascicle wholly united, as they are in, for example, H. elodes (Sect. Tripentas). A decision as to whether this is an accurate representation will have to await an inspection of a specimen, but it is likely, in my view, to be the result of a misinterpretation. If it is so, then it remains to decide whether this taxon is truly distinct from H. japonicum sensu lato.